Torbjörn, > have you checked balanced multiplies too? Do they, too, require much > more memory than 4.3? yes. With the same program and sa=sb=31225173 (same product size), GMP 4.3.2 uses 1.6g (same memory) and GMP 5.0.0 uses 2.1g (slightly less than with unbalanced operands, but still more than 4.3.2). Paul